Turkey


 * by Elizabeth Gerner**

**Islamic Empires Project. "Ancient and Modern Turkey - Comparison Analysis ." **

 * The Janissaries || National Flag || National Emblem || National Guards ||
 * [[image:http://i-cias.com/e.o/ill/janissary-soldiers.jpg width="233" height="238"]] || [[image:turkey_flag.gif width="251" height="227"]] || [[image:ottoman_empire.jpg width="245" height="229" align="left"]] || [[image:soldjers.jpg width="237" height="191"]] ||


 * Expansion of the Ottoman Empire 1300 - 1689 AD. || Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1800 - 1924 AD ||
 * [[image:expansionmap.gif width="511" height="420"]] || [[image:declinemap.gif width="521" height="417" align="left"]] ||


 * Major Facts. **
 * <  ||< Ancient ||< Modern ||
 * < Political system ||< Monarchy (Sultan) ||< Republican Parliamentary Democracy ||
 * < Capital ||< Istanbul ||< Ankara ||
 * < Land Area ||< 4,034,766 sq miles ||< 301,159 sq miles ||
 * < Population ||< 116,000,000 ||< 77,804,122 ||
 * < Import ||< wool, silk, cotton, dyes and dried fruits ||< machinery ,consulting services ||
 * Export || leather,skins and wool || oil, tourism, agrlicultural products ||
 * < Religions ||< Muslim (90%), Christian, Jewish ||< Muslim (99,8%), Christian, Jewish ||
 * [[image:mosque.jpg height="331" align="center"]] ||
 * The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history.
 * It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions.
 * It replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.
 * One legacy of the Islamic Ottoman Empire is the robust secularism of modern Turkey.
 * At its peak it included: Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Parts of Arabia, Much of the coastal strip of North Africa
 * There were many reasons why the Ottoman Empire was so successful:
 * Highly centralised. Power was always transferred to a single person, and not split between rival princes.
 * The Ottoman Empire was successfully ruled by a single family for 7 centuries.
 * State-run education system
 * Religion was incorporated in the state structure, and the Sultan was regarded as "the protector of Islam".
 * State-run judicial system
 * Ruthless in dealing with local leaders
 * Promotion to positions of power largely depended on merit
 * Created alliances across political and racial groups
 * United by Islamic ideology, warrior code with ideal of increasing Muslim territory, organisational and administrative structures
 * Highly pragmatic, taking the best ideas from other cultures and making them their own. Encouraged loyalty from other faith groups
 * Private power and wealth were controlled
 * Very strong military, Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

=Time line: Ottoman Empire=


 * **YEAR** ||= **EVENT** || **STATUS** ||
 * 13AD || The Ottomans started as one Turkish tribe among many in the Asia Minor || Rise ||
 * 1299 || The reign of Osman 1 founder of the Ottoman Empire, begins. || Rise ||
 * 1389 || Battle of Kosove. Most of Serbia is conquered. || Rise ||
 * 1396 || Bulgaria is conquered. || Rise ||
 * 1454 || Bizantine Empire is conquered. Mehmed II captures Constantinople and claims the title of Caesar of Rome || Growth ||
 * 1462 || The Topkapi Palace (primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans) begins to be built. || Growth ||
 * 1463 || Bosnia is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1478 || Albania is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1480 || The southeast corner of Italy is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1498 || Montenergro is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1516 || Egypt is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1519 || Algeria is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1533 || Iraq is taken under Turkish control. || Growth ||
 * 1551 || Libyia is taken over. || Growth ||
 * 1570 || Conquest of Cyprus || Growth ||
 * 1574 || Tunisia is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1578 || Most of Georgia is conquered. || Growth ||
 * 1590 || Treaty of Istanbul. Georgia, Azerbaycan, Armenia as well as Iran is under Ottoman rule. || Growth ||
 * 1683 || Battle of Vienna. Ottoman defeated. || Stagnation ||
 * 1686 || Hungary evacuated. || Stagnation ||
 * 1813 || Serbs revolt. || Stagnation ||
 * 1821 || Greek war of independence || Stagnation ||
 * 1830 || Algeria gradually ceded to French rule. || Decline ||
 * 1853 || Crimean war with Russia || Decline ||
 * 1878 || Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria claims independence. || Decline ||
 * 1881 || Tunisia becomes a French colony || Decline ||
 * 1882 || Egypt goes under British protection. || Decline ||
 * 1914 || Ottomin Empire enters World War l, on the side of Germany and Austria || Dissolution ||
 * 1915 || Armenian genocide. || Dissolution ||

=Time line: Turkey=

Northern Cyprus" || Growth || were put on the statute books. || Growth || blockaded Gaza. || ???? ||
 * **YEAR** ||= **EVENT** || **STATUS** ||
 * 1923 || Modern Turkey was founded from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL. || Rise ||
 * 1928 || Turkey becomes secular: clause retaining Islam as state religion removed from constitution. || Rise ||
 * 1945 || Neutral for most of World War II, Turkey declares war on Germany and Japan, but does not take part in combat. Joins United Nations. || Growth ||
 * 1950 || An election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power in Turkey || Growth ||
 * 1952 || became a member of NATO || Growth ||
 * 1964 || became an associate member of the European Community || Growth ||
 * 1974 || Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of
 * 2002 || January - Turkish men are no longer regarded in law as head of the family. The move gives women full legal equality with men, 66 years after women's rights
 * 2010 || May - Relations with Israel come under severe strain after nine Turkish activists are killed in an Israeli commando raid on an aid flotilla attempting to reach
 * 2010 || October - Trial of 151 people accused of links to the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK) begins in south-eastern city of Diyarbakir. || ???? ||


 * Conclusion **:

The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting Empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. Secularism of of the Islamic Ottoman Empire is inherited by modern Turkey. State-run judicial system, ruthless in dealing with local leaders, alliances across political and racial groups, highly pragmatic society, taking the best ideas from other cultures and making them their own, encouraged loyalty from other faith groups, controlled private power and wealth and very strong military are the factors that are common to Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. It is in the best interests of the Turkish People and United Nations overall if modern Turkey would not repeat the mistakes and misfortunes of Ottoman Empire and become the integrated part of the Global World Economy and European Union.

[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [|www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/] http://empires.findthebest. com/compare/1-32/British- Empire-vs-Ottoman-Empire http://ottomanempire.info/ economy.htm
 * Bibliography **
 * [|http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/\]**